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As of 8 Oct 2026, Birgit SIPPEL is a Germany MEP in Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D); WheresMyMEP records 81% roll-call attendance, 211 notable vote records, 20 disclosed lobby meetings and declared outside income of €0–€0/year (data as of 8 Oct 2026).

Cite this: WheresMyMEP, data as of 8 Oct 2026, source European Parliament

Birgit SIPPEL

🇩🇪

S&D · Germany

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany)

81% attendance
View official EP profile →
81%
Attendance · last 180 days
#573 of 717 on the leaderboard
1548
Votes Participated
10th Term
2024 – 2029

Attendance by month

EP · roll-call · last 180 days

Credited roll-call participation in each calendar month of the current 180-day window of the 10th term, from the same per-sitting counts as the headline figure. Officially excused sittings (Rule 162) are removed from that month's denominator — a gap in the line is a fully excused month. The dashed line is the mean of ranked MEPs' monthly rates. How this is calculated

Birgit SIPPEL monthly attendance compared with the EU mean025507510084.4%62.2%63.0%88.8%96.7%74.0%Apr ’26May ’26Jun ’26Jul ’26Sept ’26Oct ’26

Missed votes by sitting

EP · attendance register · last 180 days

Every plenary sitting day on which this MEP missed at least one roll-call vote, newest first. “Officially excused” means the Parliament's own record excuses the absence; those sittings are already credited in the figure above. Links open the Parliament's record for that day. How this works

Show all 18 sitting days

Voting Record

Main votes over the last 180 days · data as of 8 Oct 2026

Download CSV →

Voting against the party line

Share of recorded plenary roll-call votes where Birgit SIPPEL voted differently from the majority of their European Parliament political group, or of their national-party colleagues.

EP roll-call · HowTheyVote.eu

Different from S&D majority

3.5% (6 of 170)

The S&D average on the same method is 4.3%. Counted only when Birgit SIPPEL cast For, Against or Abstain and the group had a unique leading position.

Different from national-party majority

0.0% (0 of 169)

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany) · 14 sitting MEPs. Singleton delegations are excluded.

Largest breaks from the group majority
20 May 2026

The impact of the implementation of the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89/EU on fisheries in selected fishing areas and sea basins

Birgit SIPPEL voted Against; 81% of voting S&D members (98 of 121) voted For.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
Against
17 Jun 2026

Plants obtained by certain new genomic techniques and their food and feed

Birgit SIPPEL voted For; 73% of voting S&D members (90 of 124) voted Against.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
For
17 Sept 2026

Evaluation of the Common Fisheries Policy and follow-up

Birgit SIPPEL voted Against; 66% of voting S&D members (73 of 111) voted For.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
Against
7 Jul 2026

Temporary derogation from certain provisions of the ePrivacy Directive to combat online child sexual abuse

Birgit SIPPEL voted Against; 65% of voting S&D members (80 of 124) voted For.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
Against
9 Jul 2026

Temporary derogation from the ePrivacy directive

Birgit SIPPEL voted For; 59% of voting S&D members (63 of 106) voted Against.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
For
7 Oct 2026

Recommendation on EU-China political relations

Birgit SIPPEL voted For; 51% of voting S&D members (63 of 124) voted Abstain.

EP roll-call results ↗via HowTheyVote.eu ↗
For

Source: HowTheyVote.eu export of European Parliament roll-call results. This is a count of recorded positions, not a judgment of motive. How this is calculated · Who breaks with their group most often

Vote predictions

Vote model

Computed from Birgit SIPPEL’s own roll-call record and how their group actually voted, rules, not guesswork.

91% accurate on 5,736 held-out votes

Coming up in plenary, early prediction

EU agri-food promotion policy

2026-11-12 · Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) voted For in 70% of 471 agriculture votes

For likely

Institutional aspects of artificial intelligence in the context of European integration

2026-11-12 · Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) voted For in 93% of 1304 digital votes

For likely

From prototypes to capabilities – enabling new defence actors to scale up

2026-11-12 · Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) voted For in 61% of 997 defence votes

For likely

Predicted stance by topic

  • tradeFor 92% of 12
  • budgetFor 92% of 12
  • climateFor 100% of 10
  • economyFor 78% of 9
  • digitalFor 88% of 8
  • fisheriesFor 63% of 8
  • foreignFor 100% of 8
  • employmentFor 100% of 8
  • rule of lawFor 100% of 8
  • defenceFor 57% of 7
  • transportFor 100% of 6
  • healthFor 60% of 5
  • institutionalFor 100% of 4
  • justiceFor 100% of 3

Votes Birgit missed, how they would likely have voted

The need for an EU strategy to counter Islamist entryism and the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood network

2026-10-08

Against · 75%

97% of 87 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) MEPs voted Against · voted For in 80% of the last 20 cast votes

Strengthening global health resilience in partner countries

2026-09-17

For · 95%

100% of 91 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) MEPs voted For · voted For in 60% of 5 health votes · voted For in 80% of the last 20 cast votes

Narco-trafficking in Europe’s waters: protecting our borders and supporting our law enforcement officers

2026-09-17

For · 95%

100% of 114 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) MEPs voted For · voted For in 80% of the last 20 cast votes

Hybrid warfare and the protection of the EU’s territorial integrity and critical security and defence infrastructure

2026-09-16

For · 95%

95% of 128 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) MEPs voted For · voted For in 57% of 7 defence votes · voted For in 80% of the last 20 cast votes

Nuclear decommissioning assistance programme of the Ignalina nuclear power plant in Lithuania for the period 2028-2034

2026-09-16

For · 95%

100% of 130 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) MEPs voted For · voted For in 80% of the last 20 cast votes

Rapporteur files

Files in the 2024–2029 term where Birgit SIPPEL was appointed to write the Parliament’s report or a committee opinion, or to follow the file for their political group as shadow rapporteur.

Rapporteur · 3

Writes the lead committee's report. Legislative files first, then own-initiative reports.

  • Amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 as regards the extension of its period of application

    2025/0429(COD) ↗ · LIBE · appointed 15 Jan 2026

    Voted for on this file · 9 Jul 2026

  • Respect for private life and the protection of personal data in electronic communications and repealing Directive 2002/58/EC (Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications)

    2017/0003(COD) ↗ · LIBE · appointed 30 Sep 2024

  • Laying down minimum rules to prevent and counter the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and stay in the Union, and replacing Council Directive 2002/90/EC and Council Framework Decision 2002/946 JHA

    2023/0439(COD) ↗ · LIBE · appointed 10 Sep 2024

Shadow rapporteur · 2

Follows the lead committee’s report for their political group.

  • Agreement between Canada and the European Union on the transfer and processing of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data

    2024/0051(NLE) ↗ · appointed 15 Oct 2024

  • Conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious Crimes

    2025/0231(NLE) ↗ · appointed 10 Sep 2024

Show more: shadow rapporteur for opinions (1)

Follows another committee’s opinion for their political group.

  • General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2025 - all sections

    2024/0176(BUD) ↗ · appointed 3 Sep 2024

Dates are appointment dates. The Parliament’s data doesn’t mark rapporteurs who were later replaced, so a role listed here may have ended; the linked Legislative Observatory (OEIL) file is the authoritative record. Source: European Parliament Open Data Portal · CC BY 4.0 · data as of 23 Oct 2026 · How we compile this

Financial Declarations

Declared to the European Parliament · Self-reported by the MEP

Estimated outside income

€0–0/year

Based on declared income bands

0 declared activities

1 board membership

Member of the presidium of NRWSPDUnpaidBoard

Source: European Parliament declarations · Self-reported · Last updated: 23 Mar 2026

View original declaration on europarl.europa.eu →

Events and gifts declared to the Parliament

Self-declared by the MEP, 10th term (since July 2024)

EP · self-declared · weekly

These lists link to declarations Birgit SIPPEL made to the European Parliament. They are self-declared by the MEP, and the linked EP document is the authoritative record. Having no declarations does not mean having no events: events paid for by EU institutions or bodies, national governments or political parties do not have to be declared, and a declaration can be missing or filed late.

Events paid for by third parties (self-declared)

No event declarations published on the EP website for this term. See Birgit SIPPEL's declarations on europarl.europa.eu ↗.

Gifts notified to the President (self-declared)

No entries for this MEP in the Parliament's register of gifts ↗ for this term.

Source: European Parliament website (MEP declarations; Register of gifts) · declarations retrieved 30 Sept 2026 · register retrieved 30 Sept 2026. What is listed

Recent Lobby Meetings

Most recent meetings disclosed on the EU Transparency Register. These meetings are self-declared by MEPs. Not every MEP publishes meeting declarations, so a missing entry is not evidence that no meeting took place. A disclosed meeting is a recorded contact, not evidence that it influenced a vote.

EU Transparency Register · Updated daily
22 Oct 2026Candidate Europol Executive DirectorEuropol · Member
21 Oct 2026EBU-UER (European Broadcasting Union)AgoraEU · Member ·2025/0550(COD)
21 Oct 2026Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented MigrantsFacilitation Directive · Rapporteur ·2023/0439(COD)
21 Oct 2026Permanent representation of Germany to the EUEurojust revision · Member ·2026/0164(COD)
20 Oct 2026BBVT-UPTIJ (Beroepsvereniging Beëdigd Vertalers en Tolken - Union professionnelle des traducteurs et interprètes jurés)Right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings (Directive 2010/…
20 Oct 2026Commissioner for EqualityAgoraEU; shrinking civil space; consent-based rape legislation · Member ·2025/0550(COD)
20 Oct 2026Wirtschaftsbeirat BayernDigital rights and AI · Member
19 Oct 2026Permanent representation of Germany to the EUKids Act · Member ·2026/0286(COD)

Meetings on legislative files

Declared meetings that name a file, the recorded role on that file, and the plenary roll-call, in date order.

Self-declared · last 6 months

5 meetings on 4 files

These meetings are self-declared by MEPs. Not every MEP publishes meeting declarations, so a missing entry is not evidence that no meeting took place. A disclosed meeting is a recorded contact, not evidence that it influenced a vote.

New Eurojust Regulation

  1. Permanent representation of Germany to the EUMember

Kids Act

  1. Permanent representation of Germany to the EUMember

Source: European Parliament meeting declarations · EU Transparency Register · HowTheyVote.eu / EP roll-call · EP Open Data Portal (roles) · How we match meetings to files

Parliamentary questions

Written questions to the Commission, the Council and other EU bodies, 10th term (since July 2024)

EP · open data · updated daily
46written and priority questions as author or co-author

Written 38 · Priority 8 · 43 co-authored

Not in this count: 2 oral questions

Latest 10

  • 6 Oct 2026Detention of LGBTIQ+ human rights defenders in TürkiyeWritten question E-004024/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 33Awaiting answerQuestion ↗PDF ↗
  • 21 Sept 2026Systematic destruction of books by AI companiesWritten question E-003768/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 30Awaiting answerQuestion ↗PDF ↗
  • 8 Sept 2026Chatbots directing women with unwanted pregnancies to anti-abortion websitesWritten question E-003539/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 67Awaiting answerQuestion ↗PDF ↗
  • 15 Jul 2026Update by the Commission of its guidelines on tackling online disinformation during electoral processesWritten question E-002950/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 31Answered 11 Sept 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 14 Jul 2026State of play of negotiations on the agreement on the exchange of personal data between Europol and IsraelWritten question E-002925/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 24Answered 1 Sept 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 11 Jun 2026Appointment of Jim Hagemann Snabe as Special Envoy for Industrial Artificial IntelligenceWritten question E-002410/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 10Answered 18 Sept 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 10 Jun 2026Potential conflict of interest in the appointment of the Special Envoy for Industrial AIPriority question P-002401/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 37Answered 13 Aug 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 2 Jun 2026Participation of EU officials in ISS World Europe security fairWritten question E-002240/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 29Answered 21 Sept 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 2 Jun 2026Application of the Early Detection and Exclusion System to companies active in the cyber-surveillance sector, including those involved in spywareWritten question E-002239/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 30Answered 5 Aug 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 13 May 2026The sinking of a migrant boat following dangerous circling manoeuvres by the Greek coastguard, resulting in eight deathsPriority question P-002006/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 17Answered 26 Jun 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
Show all 46 questions
  • 13 May 2026Another shooting attack by Libyan militias on the humanitarian vessel Sea-Watch 5Written question E-002019/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 31Answered 10 Aug 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 28 Apr 2026Measures against whaling in NorwayWritten question E-001717/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 1Answered 25 Aug 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 16 Apr 2026Application of EU law in the area of privacy and confidentiality of communicationsPriority question P-001566/2026To the CommissionAnswered 24 Jun 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 16 Apr 2026Commission’s assessment of Hungary’s announced withdrawal from the ICC Rome StatuteWritten question E-001577/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 14Answered 27 Jul 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 16 Apr 2026The use of Afghan paramilitaries by the Greek authorities for pushbacksWritten question E-001563/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 13Answered 19 Jun 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 19 Feb 2026The European Parliament’s call to trigger the blocking statute to protect and safeguard the International Criminal CourtWritten question E-000718/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 54Answered 13 May 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 10 Feb 2026VAT change on books and printed media in LatviaWritten question E-000568/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 4Answered 28 Apr 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 4 Feb 2026Mayor of Budapest fined and charged without trial for organising a Pride march in the EUWritten question E-000446/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 81Answered 10 Apr 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 28 Jan 2026Draft law of the Greek Ministry of Migration and Asylum: blatant targeting of Civil Society in breach of EU rulesWritten question E-000362/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 5Answered 10 Apr 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 22 Jan 2026AI companion chatbots: protecting minors under EU lawWritten question E-000256/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 27Answered 18 Mar 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 7 Jan 2026Consequences for Hungary’s non-compliance with the Court of Justice of the European Union asylum judgementWritten question E-000032/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 18Answered 31 Mar 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 20 Nov 2025EU funding of companies linked to spyware and illegal surveillanceWritten question E-004636/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 54Answered 20 Feb 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 3 Nov 2025Hungary’s ‘Protection of Local Identity Law’ and systemic racial discriminationWritten question E-004304/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 12Answered 6 Jan 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 13 Oct 2025Follow-up: protection of Hungarian citizens against biometric surveillance: follow-up of question for written answer E-002415/2025Written question E-004013/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 41Answered 5 Mar 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 7 Oct 2025Constitutional amendment approved by the Slovak ParliamentWritten question E-003924/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 2Answered 10 Apr 2026Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 6 Oct 2025Suspension of access to asylum in GreeceWritten question E-003907/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 9Answered 12 Dec 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 8 Sept 2025ePrivacy at risk: will the Commission abandon its privacy commitments due to the CSA Regulation deadlock?Priority question P-003471/2025To the CommissionAnswered 17 Oct 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 17 Jul 2025Forced evictions of Roma and compliance with the Charter of Fundamental RightsWritten question E-002974/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 7Answered 26 Sept 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 16 Jun 2025Protection of Hungarian citizens’ fundamental rights in the context of biometric identification and surveillance at public gatheringsWritten question E-002415/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 59Answered 1 Aug 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 1 Apr 2025Withdrawal of the Horizontal Anti-Discrimination DirectivePriority question P-001330/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 40Answered 21 May 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 25 Mar 2025Draft 15th amendment to the Hungarian ConstitutionWritten question E-001233/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 32Answered 23 Jul 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 18 Mar 2025Withdrawal of the proposed horizontal anti-discrimination directivePriority question P-001148/2025To the Councilco-authored with 46Answered 24 Jul 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 26 Feb 2025Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 - implementing actsPriority question P-000847/2025To the CommissionAnswered 26 Mar 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 11 Feb 2025The use of Paragon Solutions spyware against journalistsWritten question E-000617/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 23Answered 11 Jun 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 10 Feb 2025Use of Paragon Solutions spyware against journalists and civil society representativesWritten question E-000600/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 14Answered 11 Apr 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 5 Feb 2025EU-US data transfers following Trump’s electionWritten question E-000520/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 18Awaiting answerQuestion ↗PDF ↗
  • 28 Jan 2025Recent judgment of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the systematic practice of pushbacks in GreeceWritten question E-000386/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 17Answered 15 May 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 28 Jan 2025Meta’s discriminatory terms and conditions against the LGBTQIA+ community under the Digital Services ActWritten question E-000384/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 34Answered 28 Mar 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 17 Jan 2025Actual or foreseeable negative effects of Elon Musk’s statements on civic discourse, electoral processes and freedom and pluralism of the media under the DSAWritten question E-000191/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 47Answered 5 Mar 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 13 Jan 2025Protecting the Bundestag elections – threat of X manipulating votesWritten question E-000093/2025To the Commissionco-authored with 17Answered 4 Mar 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 9 Dec 2024The spread of disinformation by recommender systems and other automated mechanisms as a systemic risk under the Digital Services ActWritten question E-002826/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 39Answered 19 Feb 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 5 Dec 2024The role of TikTok in the Romanian presidential electionWritten question E-002794/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 36Answered 11 Feb 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 26 Nov 2024Conflicts of interest and political interference by Elon MuskWritten question E-002653/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 29Answered 20 Feb 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 21 Nov 2024Change of algorithm on X before US electionPriority question P-002623/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 41Answered 12 Feb 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 1 Oct 2024Use of Pegasus and other types of spyware in SlovakiaWritten question E-001920/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 34Answered 28 Nov 2024Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
  • 24 Sept 2024Human rights violations by EU-funded forces in TunisiaWritten question E-001795/2024To the Commissionco-authored with 48Answered 12 Mar 2025Question ↗PDF ↗Answer ↗Answer PDF ↗
Show all 2 oral questions
  • 9 Oct 2026The need for urgent EU action to tackle financial scam advertisements on online platformsOral question O-000042/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 55Question ↗PDF ↗
  • 20 Mar 2026Transfer of European citizens’ biometric data to the Trump administrationOral question O-000015/2026To the Commissionco-authored with 48Question ↗PDF ↗

Source: European Parliament Open Data Portal · CC BY 4.0 · retrieved from the EP 23 Oct 2026 · newest question tabled 20 Oct 2026. The Parliament publishes a question about one to two weeks after it is tabled, so the newest may not be listed yet. What is counted

About Birgit SIPPEL

Birgit Sippel is a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, belonging to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the centre-left group, and to the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands. Sippel also served in the 7th, 8th and 9th parliamentary terms, and the current 10th term began on 16 July 2024. In the European Parliament, Sippel has been Chief Whip of the SPD group since 2022, Vice-Chair of the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age from 2020 to 2022, and S&D spokesperson/coordinator on the LIBE committee since 2014. At local and regional level, Sippel was Arnsberg city councillor from 1994 to 2004 and Deputy chair of the SPD West Westphalia region from 2003 to 2018.

Summary grounded in cited sources

View official profile on europarl.europa.eu →

More MEPs in Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)

Methodology

Attendance is calculated based on roll-call votes in plenary sessions of the European Parliament. Committee votes are excluded. Abstaining counts as present; not voting counts as absent. Sittings for which the Parliament officially excused a Member (Rule 162: illness, serious family reasons, official mission, or pregnancy and maternity leave, which the Parliament excuses for three months before and six months after a birth) are credited, not counted as absences. We credit only what the Parliament's own record shows: the “excused” list in each sitting's minutes, or leave documented in another official Parliament document. An absence the Parliament has not recorded as excused counts as an absence, even if leave has been reported in the press. Notable votes are selected based on significance, close outcomes, and high participation.

Some attendance figures carry a context note, such as maternity or parental leave, illness or an official mission. Each note cites a press or official report, with its source and date, and is reviewed by us before it appears. Context notes never change the attendance figure. MEPs who missed every sitting of an entire plenary session are checked by a person before they appear in any bottom-of-ranking list. Full attendance methodology →